Skin Cancer

Overview
Skin cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal skin cells, often caused by prolonged exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun or tanning beds. It is the most common type of cancer worldwide but is highly treatable when detected early.

Causes and Risk Factors
Several factors can increase the risk of developing skin cancer:

Excessive sun exposure – UV radiation damages skin cells

Frequent use of tanning beds

Fair skin, light-colored eyes, and red or blond hair

History of sunburns, especially in childhood

Weakened immune system

Family history of skin cancer

Exposure to harmful chemicals

Types of Skin Cancer
There are three major types of skin cancer:

Basal Cell Carcinoma (BCC) – The most common type, usually appears as a pearly or waxy bump. It grows slowly and rarely spreads.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma (SCC) – Often appears as a red, scaly patch or sore that doesn’t heal. It can spread if untreated.

Melanoma – The most aggressive form, often developing in existing moles or appearing as a dark, irregular patch.

Symptoms
Signs of skin cancer can vary depending on the type but may include:

A new growth, lump, or sore that doesn’t heal

Changes in the size, shape, or color of a mole

Itchy, bleeding, or crusty skin lesions

Dark spots under fingernails, palms, or soles of feet

Use the ABCDE rule to identify melanoma:

A – Asymmetry (one half of the mole doesn’t match the other)

B – Border (irregular or blurred edges)

C – Color (multiple colors in one mole)

D – Diameter (larger than a pencil eraser)

E – Evolving (changes in size, shape, or texture over time)

Diagnosis
To diagnose skin cancer, doctors may perform:

Skin examination – Checking suspicious moles or growths

Biopsy – Removing a small skin sample for laboratory testing

Imaging tests – CT scans or MRIs if cancer is suspected to have spread

Treatment Options
Treatment depends on the type and stage of skin cancer and may include:

1. Surgery

Excision – Cutting out the cancerous growth

Mohs surgery – Removing skin layers one at a time to preserve healthy tissue

2. Radiation Therapy

High-energy rays destroy cancer cells, often used when surgery isn’t an option

3. Chemotherapy

Medications that kill cancer cells, typically for advanced skin cancer

4. Targeted Therapy & Immunotherapy

Advanced treatments that help the immune system fight cancer

Prognosis and Prevention
Skin cancer is highly curable when detected early. Regular self-checks and dermatologist visits can help with early diagnosis.

Prevention Tips:

Use sunscreen (SPF 30 or higher) daily

Wear protective clothing, hats, and sunglasses outdoors

Avoid tanning beds and excessive sun exposure

Perform regular skin self-examinations

See a dermatologist for annual skin checks

Early detection saves lives. If you notice any suspicious skin changes, consult a doctor immediately.