Colorectal cancer, also known as colon cancer or rectal cancer, develops in the colon (large intestine) or rectum. It usually starts as polyps, which are small growths that can become cancerous over time. This cancer is one of the most common types worldwide but is highly treatable if detected early.
Several factors increase the risk of colorectal cancer, including:
Age – Most cases occur in people over 50
Family history – A genetic predisposition may increase the risk
Diet high in red and processed meats – Increases risk of colon cancer
Low-fiber diet – A diet lacking fruits, vegetables, and whole grains may contribute
Obesity and sedentary lifestyle – Linked to a higher risk of colorectal cancer
Smoking and excessive alcohol consumption
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) – Conditions like Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis increase risk
Diabetes – People with type 2 diabetes are at a higher risk
Colorectal cancer symptoms may not appear until the disease has progressed. Common signs include:
Changes in bowel habits (diarrhea, constipation, or narrow stools)
Blood in the stool (bright red or dark-colored)
Unexplained weight loss
Abdominal pain, cramps, or bloating
Feeling of incomplete bowel emptying
Fatigue and weakness
If you experience these symptoms persistently, consult a doctor for evaluation.
To diagnose colorectal cancer, doctors may use:
Colonoscopy – A flexible tube with a camera examines the colon and rectum
Biopsy – A tissue sample is taken for laboratory testing
CT scan or MRI – Helps determine the extent of cancer spread
Fecal occult blood test (FOBT) – Detects hidden blood in stool
Blood tests – Measures tumor markers like CEA (carcinoembryonic antigen)
Treatment depends on the stage and location of the cancer. Options include:
Polypectomy – Removal of small polyps during a colonoscopy (for early-stage cancer)
Colectomy or proctectomy – Partial or complete removal of the colon or rectum
Lymph node removal – Helps prevent cancer spread
Uses drugs to destroy cancer cells, often combined with surgery or radiation
Common drugs include 5-FU (fluorouracil), oxaliplatin, and capecitabine
High-energy rays target and destroy cancer cells, especially for rectal cancer
Monoclonal antibodies and immune checkpoint inhibitors help fight cancer in advanced cases
For advanced-stage cancer, treatments focus on relieving symptoms and improving quality of life
Early detection significantly improves survival rates for colorectal cancer. Regular screenings and a healthy lifestyle can reduce the risk.
Get regular colonoscopies starting at age 45 or earlier if you have a family history
Eat a fiber-rich diet with plenty of fruits, vegetables, and whole grains
Limit red and processed meat consumption
Exercise regularly and maintain a healthy weight
Quit smoking and reduce alcohol intake
Manage inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and diabetes properly
Colorectal cancer is one of the most preventable cancers. Early screening and lifestyle changes can greatly reduce your risk. If you notice persistent symptoms, consult a doctor for evaluation.